In the context of processing plants, Kletz [29] has
suggested five main principles, and several additional ones,
for inherently safe(er) design: intensification, substitution,
attenuation, limitation of effects and simplification. Above
we have given examples of intensification (availability of
nitrogen only in the necessary process step, not stored in
the proximity of workers) as well as substitution (hydrogen
replaced by helium) and limitation of effects (pesticide).
Attenuation refers to the method of attenuating substances
to make them less flammable or toxic. A more general
principle includes avoidance of all types of hazardous
‘‘concentrations’’ such as accumulation of energy and
storage of large quantities of hazardous substances in one
place [30, p. 174]. An example of simplification is the
method of making incorrect assembly of a system part
impossible, for example by making asymmetric parts [2,
p. 108–9]. Instead of training the staff to avoid incorrect
assembly, failure is simply made practically impossible
In the context of processing plants, Kletz [29] has
suggested five main principles, and several additional ones,
for inherently safe(er) design: intensification, substitution,
attenuation, limitation of effects and simplification. Above
we have given examples of intensification (availability of
nitrogen only in the necessary process step, not stored in
the proximity of workers) as well as substitution (hydrogen
replaced by helium) and limitation of effects (pesticide).
Attenuation refers to the method of attenuating substances
to make them less flammable or toxic. A more general
principle includes avoidance of all types of hazardous
‘‘concentrations’’ such as accumulation of energy and
storage of large quantities of hazardous substances in one
place [30, p. 174]. An example of simplification is the
method of making incorrect assembly of a system part
impossible, for example by making asymmetric parts [2,
p. 108–9]. Instead of training the staff to avoid incorrect
assembly, failure is simply made practically impossible
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