Hospital pharmacies have ad- opted various technologies since the 1960s to improve ef- ficiency, effectiveness (primarily by decreasing the potential for error), and work satisfaction.1 A favorable byproduct of such technology in- cludes the opportunity to advance clinical practice
Early technologies included com- puter-based pharmacy information systems (PISs), which today serve as the core of medication-use au- tomation. The PIS functions as the repository for patient-specific medi- cation information. Early versions performed calculations, produced patient-specific and drug-specific la- bels, performed basic checking func- tions (e.g., drug allergies, drug–drug interactions, dose errors), and gener- ated drug-related charges. After the general acceptance of PISs, a variety of other sophisticated technologies followed, including robotic cart fill, automated unit-based cabinets, and, more recently, robotic preparation of sterile products. Expansion of the core software, either integrated into or interfaced to the prescribing arena, provides the basis for computer- ized prescriber order entry (CPOE), including clinical decision support. Expansion of the core software to the administration arena provides the basis for the electronic medication administration record and bar-code- assisted medication administration.BCMA creates the op- portunity to confirm a medication- profile-based match between the patient and the patient’s medication before administration.These technologies are used in almost every component of the medication-use process, including prescribing, preparation and dis- pensing, administration, and moni- toring.4 The delivery component of the medication-use process depends heavily on the human element unless a hospital has a functional pneumatic tube system. However, many hospi- tals lack pneumatic tube systems, and many systems need constant mainte- nance and updating to meet expecta- tions in reliability and speed.5 The origin and development of the robot- ic delivery system in health care have been reviewed recently.6 Automation of the delivery component allows for the completion of a medication cycle, from “loading dock to bedside,” without human intervention.
โรงพยาบาลร้านขายยามีโฆษณา- เลือกเทคโนโลยีต่าง ๆ ตั้งแต่ปี 1960 การพัฒนา ef-ficiency ประสิทธิผล (หลัก โดยลดโอกาสที่ผิดพลาด), และจิตสำนึกอัน satisfaction.1 A ของเช่นเทคโนโลยีใน-cludes ทำงานโอกาสก้าวหน้าคลินิกEarly technologies included com- puter-based pharmacy information systems (PISs), which today serve as the core of medication-use au- tomation. The PIS functions as the repository for patient-specific medi- cation information. Early versions performed calculations, produced patient-specific and drug-specific la- bels, performed basic checking func- tions (e.g., drug allergies, drug–drug interactions, dose errors), and gener- ated drug-related charges. After the general acceptance of PISs, a variety of other sophisticated technologies followed, including robotic cart fill, automated unit-based cabinets, and, more recently, robotic preparation of sterile products. Expansion of the core software, either integrated into or interfaced to the prescribing arena, provides the basis for computer- ized prescriber order entry (CPOE), including clinical decision support. Expansion of the core software to the administration arena provides the basis for the electronic medication administration record and bar-code- assisted medication administration.BCMA creates the op- portunity to confirm a medication- profile-based match between the patient and the patient’s medication before administration.These technologies are used in almost every component of the medication-use process, including prescribing, preparation and dis- pensing, administration, and moni- toring.4 The delivery component of the medication-use process depends heavily on the human element unless a hospital has a functional pneumatic tube system. However, many hospi- tals lack pneumatic tube systems, and many systems need constant mainte- nance and updating to meet expecta- tions in reliability and speed.5 The origin and development of the robot- ic delivery system in health care have been reviewed recently.6 Automation of the delivery component allows for the completion of a medication cycle, from “loading dock to bedside,” without human intervention.
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