Karate techniques were presented in a pattern to a group of karate students, half experts and
half novices. The frequency with which these techniques appeared varied from 0 through 11. The
experts and novices did not differ in the accuracy with which they judged the frequency of the
techniques, but the experts showed a significant advantage over the novices in recalling the techniques.
The results indicate that memory for the frequency of observed actions is not affected
by subject variables such as prior knowledge, a finding consistent with the conclusion that memory
for frequency is based on automatic processes.