(NUST) in Bulawayo, and other state and private universities
in the country. The laboratory technicians from these institutions
could be deployed to rural health centers to process
cervical screening tests. In the absence of high-cost technology
to process Pap smears, such cost-effective screening measures
as the visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) technique could
be a viable choice. The VIA test can be done by trained nurses,
with results available on site. VIA has been tested in Zimbabwe
for sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value but is
not yet offered for mass screening.55
Limitations of this study
The majority of females in this study sample had no
knowledge of or actual experience of cervical screening test;
consequently, their responses were hypothetical as opposed
to real experiences. A more nuanced interpretation of the data
accepts the subtle distinctions between self-reported behaviors
and externally based observations, which might limit the
extent of the validity of self-reported behavior. Of the 700
females targeted for the questionnaire, only 514 responded.
The unrepresented views of 186 females who dropped out of
the study for diverse reasons and the sampling strategy of
choosing 1 farm from 54 and 1 mine from 2 might limit the
extent of the validity and generalizability of the results. Although
proportionate sampling was used to determine the
study sample population, final data analysis did not incorporate
proportionate analysis strategy, which might limit the
validity of the study results.
Acknowledgments
We thank the Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child
Welfare for their cooperation and assistance with this study;
Drs. Debra Oakley, Cynthia Coviak, Jan Andersen, and Anthony
Schork for consultation throughout the study; and especially
the enthusiastic Zimbabwean women who
participated. This study was funded in part by the W.K.
Kellogg Foundation and the Center for African American and
African Studies at the University of Michigan.
Disclosure Statement
The authors have no conflicts of interest to report.
(NUST) in Bulawayo, and other state and private universities
in the country. The laboratory technicians from these institutions
could be deployed to rural health centers to process
cervical screening tests. In the absence of high-cost technology
to process Pap smears, such cost-effective screening measures
as the visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) technique could
be a viable choice. The VIA test can be done by trained nurses,
with results available on site. VIA has been tested in Zimbabwe
for sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value but is
not yet offered for mass screening.55
Limitations of this study
The majority of females in this study sample had no
knowledge of or actual experience of cervical screening test;
consequently, their responses were hypothetical as opposed
to real experiences. A more nuanced interpretation of the data
accepts the subtle distinctions between self-reported behaviors
and externally based observations, which might limit the
extent of the validity of self-reported behavior. Of the 700
females targeted for the questionnaire, only 514 responded.
The unrepresented views of 186 females who dropped out of
the study for diverse reasons and the sampling strategy of
choosing 1 farm from 54 and 1 mine from 2 might limit the
extent of the validity and generalizability of the results. Although
proportionate sampling was used to determine the
study sample population, final data analysis did not incorporate
proportionate analysis strategy, which might limit the
validity of the study results.
Acknowledgments
We thank the Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child
Welfare for their cooperation and assistance with this study;
Drs. Debra Oakley, Cynthia Coviak, Jan Andersen, and Anthony
Schork for consultation throughout the study; and especially
the enthusiastic Zimbabwean women who
participated. This study was funded in part by the W.K.
Kellogg Foundation and the Center for African American and
African Studies at the University of Michigan.
Disclosure Statement
The authors have no conflicts of interest to report.
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