agreeableness, adjustment and intelligence). Personality traits are considered especially relevant to successful leadership, and those highlighted as the most pertinent include energy levels and stress tolerance, self-confidence, internal control orientation, emotional maturity and integrity. The study of a number of theories is also applied in Chapter 8, which considers how leader traitsorbehaviours are related to indicators of leadership effectiveness in different situations. Five principal contingency theories are summarized and reviewed. The research findings and methodologies are examined, and models, tables and guidelines for their application enhance the chapter. There is much use of psychology and sociology in many of the research studies.