2.5. Measures
To examine students’ vocabulary development at pretest and posttest, a battery of standardized, norm-referenced measures was administered. Both receptive and expressive vocabulary was assessed. Although not an aim of the present study, we concurwith Sénéchal’s (1997) theorizing that receptive and expressive vocabulary learning may make use of different memory processes,recognition in the former and recall in the latter. These processes, in turn, may cause children to respond differentially to features or task requirements present in shared-reading instruction as opposed to individual or developmental child differences, therefore we chose to measure both (Wagner et al., 2007).