Recently, extensive studies of real-time risk assessment have been carried out.
An example is provided by the hidden Markov model (HMM) which is effective in many temporal and real-time pattern recognition applications, such as human action recognition [26, 27], speech recognition [28], and prediction of unknown events [29, 30].
Real-time risk assessment methods based on the HMM focus on the field of network security.
These methods use the HMM to process the observation symbol sequences of invasions and attacks to determine the real-time safety risk of a network [31– 33].
In principle, the HMM based risk assessment method is accessible, but real-time safety risk assessment studies in construction management have not been found in the literature.
The main reason for this could be the lack of availability of on-site asset real-time location information