In the few studies to have evaluated associations between maternal BMI and offspring adiposity, an independent and positive association has been reported (Burdette et al. 2006; Blair et al. 2007; Min- grone et al. 2008). Also, in the one investigation to have addressed relationships between directly meas- ured adiposity in mother and child, a larger maternal mid-upper arm circumference in late pregnancy was independently associated with a higher childhood fat mass index at the age of 9 years (Gale et al. 2007).