Victimization, Theories of
The fields of criminology and criminal justice have focused, historically, on understanding criminal offending in
comparison with criminal victimization. However, a variety of paradigm shifts, scientific advances, and social
and political forces since the 1960s and 1970s provided a foundation from which theories of victimization
emerged.
For instance, in the latter half of the 20th century, a shift occurred among many scholars toward viewing
“crime” as more than just the behavior of an offender. Instead, crime became increasingly viewed as a
“system,” involving not only an offender but also a target or victim, as well as a time/place context that
supports or facilitates the victimization of the target by the offender.
Alongside this new paradigm, new sources of information about crime emerged, addressing limitations of data
compiled from police reports (reported annually in the form of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program).
Specifically, the early 1970s marked the emergence of the National Crime Survey (now called the National
Crime Victimization Survey), which allows large amounts of information on crime events from the vantage
point of victims to be collected and analyzed annually. This national effort set the stage for many subsequent
victimization surveys in local communities and/or on special samples (i.e., high school students, college
students, women, etc.). These various victimization surveys, i n comparison with official police data, allowed
researchers to estimate more accurately the incidence and prevalence of crime in society because they
measured crime events, whether or not they were reported to police.
Finally, beginning in the 1960s, a sociopolitical movement intended to provide more attention to victims and
their rights within the criminal justice system. In response to this movement, more support services began to
be provided to victims, and avenues were provided for allowing enhanced involvement on the part of victims in
the process of justice (i.e., through victim impact statements).
The confluence of these various sociopolitical and scientific shifts was ideal for the emergence of various
theoretical perspectives on victimization. These etiological perspectives focused on a wide range of causal
influences, which ranged from routine daily activities and lifestyles, to interpersonal interactional dynamics, to
broad-based social inequality. Major theories that emphasize these various influences are described in greater
detail throughout the remainder of this entry.
Lifestyle-Exposure Theory
In 1978, Michael J. Hindelang, Michael R. Gottfredson, and James Garofalo published their book, Victims of
Personal Crime: An Empirical Foundation for a Theory of Personal Victimization. This work delineated the
sociodemographic correlates of victimization based on an analysis of victimization survey data. They noted
that particular subgroups of the U.S. population experienced greater risk of victimization relative to other
groups. Specifically, men, younger adults, and African Americans were at an increased risk in comparison with
women, older Americans, and Whites, for instance. To account for such trends in victimization risk, Hindelang,
Gottfredson, and Garofalo suggested that victimization risk was a function of lifestyle. In particular, men,
younger adults, and African Americans tended to have lifestyles—including patterns associated with work,
1school, chores, leisure, etc.—that exposed them to victimization opportunities. The specific features of
lifestyles presumed to create more exposure to crime were said to include time in public (especially at night),
time away from family or household members, and proximity to and/or association with high-offending groups.
In short, these features of lifestyle shaped the opportunity for individuals to become crime victims.
Routine Activity Theory
While Hindelang, Gottfredson, and Garofalo were publishing Victims of Personal Crime, Lawrence E. Cohen and
Marcus Felson were working on similar research, resulting in the 1979 publication in the American Sociological
Review of their seminal article, “Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach.” Cohen
and Felson examined temporal changes in U.S. crime rates from 1947 to 1974. They focused in particular on
predatory crimes, which were defined as illegal acts that involved the direct damaging or taking of the person or
property of another (p. 589). They highlighted the dramatic increase in predatory crime during that time period,
with the most glaring portion of the overall increase occurring during the decade of the 1960s. Cohen and
Felson then offered a “routine activity” explanation for this increase.
As a starting point for their theory, Cohen and Felson defined the following three necessary ingredients for
crime: (1) a motivated offender, (2) a suitable target, and (3) absence of capable guardianship. For a predatory
crime to occur, according to Cohen and Felson, a willing, motivated offender must come into contact with a
victim or target that can be overtaken in a time/space context (i.e., a time and a place) that does not provide
an adequate level of protection in the form of persons or things that could intervene between offender and
victim. The convergence in time and space of a motivated offender, a suitable target, and absence of capable
guardianship was said to present an opportunity for crime.
Cohen and Felson suggested that the first ingredient for crime—a motivated offender—was a “given.” Rather
than understanding crime as a function of variation in offender motivation, Cohen and Felson indicated that we
could better understand crime in terms of variation in the other two ingredients for crime. In particular, they
suggested that crime had increased so sharply between 1960 and 1970 because of the corresponding, profound
changes in societal levels of suitable targets and capable guardianship. In short, Cohen and Felson posited that,
between 1960 and 1970, Americans and their households became more suitable and less capably guarded
targets. They also suggested that it was the changing routine, daily activities of U.S. residents that created
increased opportunity in the form of increased target suitability and diminished guardianship. Particularly
opportunistic activities, according to Cohen and Felson, were nonhousehold activities.
Major shifts in the labor force participation of women occurring between 1960 and 1970 were thought to
underlie much of the increase in levels of nonhousehold activities. Women's markedly increasing participation in
the labor force had substantial implications for the public exposure of women and the lack of guardianship
provided to American households during the daytime. For instance, Cohen and Felson presented data showing
that, in 1960, about 30% of households were unoccupied by someone 14 years or older between the hours of 8
a.m. and 3 p.m. By 1971, that figure exceeded 40%. As a result, more and more households lacked capable
guardianship, thus providing increased opportunity for a crime such as burglary. At the same time, women were
spending more time outside the house, commuting to and from work, resulting in increased exposure to “street”
predatory crime, including robbery.
Beyond work-related activities, Cohen and Felson theorized that routine leisure activities were also changing in
the United States between 1960 and 1970 among both men and women. With an increasing percentage of U.S.
households consisting of two working adults, more disposable income is available to be spent on leisure pursuits
outside the home (i.e., attending sporting events, movies, restaurants, or vacation destinations) and on the
purchase of household durable goods (i.e., televisions, stereos, cars, bicycles). This proliferation of public
leisure activities and household items (especially valuable but lightweight items) also increased opportunities for
crime. From the routine activities theoretical perspective provided by Cohen and Felson, these leisure and
2consumption patterns simply made it more likely that motivated offenders would encounter suitable targets in
time/place contexts that lacked adequate guardianship.
Cohen and Felson tested their theory by examining whether a “household activity ratio” was related to the
changing rates of predatory crime in the United States. They measured the household activity ratio as the
proportion of U.S. households that were either “non–husband-wife” households or households that could be
classified as “married, husband-present, with a female labor-force participant” (1979, p. 600). They
hypothesized that increases in such households would be associated with increases in U.S. predatory crime
rates under the assumption that such household structures served to approximate routine activities that would
increase exposure to motivated offenders, increase target suitability, and decrease guardianship. They found
impressive support for this hypothesis across five different predatory crimes.
Routine Activities and Individual Victimization
Following Cohen and Felson's landmark study, later work extended routine activity theory's application beyond
changing national rates of crime. Subsequent work often applied the theory to variation in individual risk of
victimization instead. Leading theorists (e.g., Cohen, Kluegel, and Land) suggested, in particular, that the
likelihood that an individual would experience victimization was a function of that person's exposure to
motivated offenders, proximity to high-crime areas, target attractiveness/suitability, and absence of capable
guardianship. From this perspective, individuals whose lifestyle and routine activities make them more visible
and accessible to others (possible motivated offenders) are at increased risk for victimization. Similarly,
individuals whose lifestyle and activities put them in close physical distance to “risky” areas (i.e.,
Victimization, Theories of
The fields of criminology and criminal justice have focused, historically, on understanding criminal offending in
comparison with criminal victimization. However, a variety of paradigm shifts, scientific advances, and social
and political forces since the 1960s and 1970s provided a foundation from which theories of victimization
emerged.
For instance, in the latter half of the 20th century, a shift occurred among many scholars toward viewing
“crime” as more than just the behavior of an offender. Instead, crime became increasingly viewed as a
“system,” involving not only an offender but also a target or victim, as well as a time/place context that
supports or facilitates the victimization of the target by the offender.
Alongside this new paradigm, new sources of information about crime emerged, addressing limitations of data
compiled from police reports (reported annually in the form of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program).
Specifically, the early 1970s marked the emergence of the National Crime Survey (now called the National
Crime Victimization Survey), which allows large amounts of information on crime events from the vantage
point of victims to be collected and analyzed annually. This national effort set the stage for many subsequent
victimization surveys in local communities and/or on special samples (i.e., high school students, college
students, women, etc.). These various victimization surveys, i n comparison with official police data, allowed
researchers to estimate more accurately the incidence and prevalence of crime in society because they
measured crime events, whether or not they were reported to police.
Finally, beginning in the 1960s, a sociopolitical movement intended to provide more attention to victims and
their rights within the criminal justice system. In response to this movement, more support services began to
be provided to victims, and avenues were provided for allowing enhanced involvement on the part of victims in
the process of justice (i.e., through victim impact statements).
The confluence of these various sociopolitical and scientific shifts was ideal for the emergence of various
theoretical perspectives on victimization. These etiological perspectives focused on a wide range of causal
influences, which ranged from routine daily activities and lifestyles, to interpersonal interactional dynamics, to
broad-based social inequality. Major theories that emphasize these various influences are described in greater
detail throughout the remainder of this entry.
Lifestyle-Exposure Theory
In 1978, Michael J. Hindelang, Michael R. Gottfredson, and James Garofalo published their book, Victims of
Personal Crime: An Empirical Foundation for a Theory of Personal Victimization. This work delineated the
sociodemographic correlates of victimization based on an analysis of victimization survey data. They noted
that particular subgroups of the U.S. population experienced greater risk of victimization relative to other
groups. Specifically, men, younger adults, and African Americans were at an increased risk in comparison with
women, older Americans, and Whites, for instance. To account for such trends in victimization risk, Hindelang,
Gottfredson, and Garofalo suggested that victimization risk was a function of lifestyle. In particular, men,
younger adults, and African Americans tended to have lifestyles—including patterns associated with work,
1school, chores, leisure, etc.—that exposed them to victimization opportunities. The specific features of
lifestyles presumed to create more exposure to crime were said to include time in public (especially at night),
time away from family or household members, and proximity to and/or association with high-offending groups.
In short, these features of lifestyle shaped the opportunity for individuals to become crime victims.
Routine Activity Theory
While Hindelang, Gottfredson, and Garofalo were publishing Victims of Personal Crime, Lawrence E. Cohen and
Marcus Felson were working on similar research, resulting in the 1979 publication in the American Sociological
Review of their seminal article, “Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach.” Cohen
and Felson examined temporal changes in U.S. crime rates from 1947 to 1974. They focused in particular on
predatory crimes, which were defined as illegal acts that involved the direct damaging or taking of the person or
property of another (p. 589). They highlighted the dramatic increase in predatory crime during that time period,
with the most glaring portion of the overall increase occurring during the decade of the 1960s. Cohen and
Felson then offered a “routine activity” explanation for this increase.
As a starting point for their theory, Cohen and Felson defined the following three necessary ingredients for
crime: (1) a motivated offender, (2) a suitable target, and (3) absence of capable guardianship. For a predatory
crime to occur, according to Cohen and Felson, a willing, motivated offender must come into contact with a
victim or target that can be overtaken in a time/space context (i.e., a time and a place) that does not provide
an adequate level of protection in the form of persons or things that could intervene between offender and
victim. The convergence in time and space of a motivated offender, a suitable target, and absence of capable
guardianship was said to present an opportunity for crime.
Cohen and Felson suggested that the first ingredient for crime—a motivated offender—was a “given.” Rather
than understanding crime as a function of variation in offender motivation, Cohen and Felson indicated that we
could better understand crime in terms of variation in the other two ingredients for crime. In particular, they
suggested that crime had increased so sharply between 1960 and 1970 because of the corresponding, profound
changes in societal levels of suitable targets and capable guardianship. In short, Cohen and Felson posited that,
between 1960 and 1970, Americans and their households became more suitable and less capably guarded
targets. They also suggested that it was the changing routine, daily activities of U.S. residents that created
increased opportunity in the form of increased target suitability and diminished guardianship. Particularly
opportunistic activities, according to Cohen and Felson, were nonhousehold activities.
Major shifts in the labor force participation of women occurring between 1960 and 1970 were thought to
underlie much of the increase in levels of nonhousehold activities. Women's markedly increasing participation in
the labor force had substantial implications for the public exposure of women and the lack of guardianship
provided to American households during the daytime. For instance, Cohen and Felson presented data showing
that, in 1960, about 30% of households were unoccupied by someone 14 years or older between the hours of 8
a.m. and 3 p.m. By 1971, that figure exceeded 40%. As a result, more and more households lacked capable
guardianship, thus providing increased opportunity for a crime such as burglary. At the same time, women were
spending more time outside the house, commuting to and from work, resulting in increased exposure to “street”
predatory crime, including robbery.
Beyond work-related activities, Cohen and Felson theorized that routine leisure activities were also changing in
the United States between 1960 and 1970 among both men and women. With an increasing percentage of U.S.
households consisting of two working adults, more disposable income is available to be spent on leisure pursuits
outside the home (i.e., attending sporting events, movies, restaurants, or vacation destinations) and on the
purchase of household durable goods (i.e., televisions, stereos, cars, bicycles). This proliferation of public
leisure activities and household items (especially valuable but lightweight items) also increased opportunities for
crime. From the routine activities theoretical perspective provided by Cohen and Felson, these leisure and
2consumption patterns simply made it more likely that motivated offenders would encounter suitable targets in
time/place contexts that lacked adequate guardianship.
Cohen and Felson tested their theory by examining whether a “household activity ratio” was related to the
changing rates of predatory crime in the United States. They measured the household activity ratio as the
proportion of U.S. households that were either “non–husband-wife” households or households that could be
classified as “married, husband-present, with a female labor-force participant” (1979, p. 600). They
hypothesized that increases in such households would be associated with increases in U.S. predatory crime
rates under the assumption that such household structures served to approximate routine activities that would
increase exposure to motivated offenders, increase target suitability, and decrease guardianship. They found
impressive support for this hypothesis across five different predatory crimes.
Routine Activities and Individual Victimization
Following Cohen and Felson's landmark study, later work extended routine activity theory's application beyond
changing national rates of crime. Subsequent work often applied the theory to variation in individual risk of
victimization instead. Leading theorists (e.g., Cohen, Kluegel, and Land) suggested, in particular, that the
likelihood that an individual would experience victimization was a function of that person's exposure to
motivated offenders, proximity to high-crime areas, target attractiveness/suitability, and absence of capable
guardianship. From this perspective, individuals whose lifestyle and routine activities make them more visible
and accessible to others (possible motivated offenders) are at increased risk for victimization. Similarly,
individuals whose lifestyle and activities put them in close physical distance to “risky” areas (i.e.,
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..

เหยื่อ ทฤษฎี
สาขาอาชญาวิทยาและงานยุติธรรมมีเน้น ในอดีต ความเข้าใจเกี่ยวกับอาชญากรรมรุกรานใน
เปรียบเทียบกับอาชญากรโกง . อย่างไรก็ตาม ความหลากหลายของการเปลี่ยนกระบวนทัศน์ ความก้าวหน้าทางวิทยาศาสตร์และสังคม
และบังคับทางการเมืองตั้งแต่ทศวรรษที่ 1960 และ 1970 ให้มูลนิธิ ซึ่งทฤษฎีของเหยื่อ
เช่น เกิด in the latter half of the 20th century, a shift occurred among many scholars toward viewing
“crime” as more than just the behavior of an offender. Instead, crime became increasingly viewed as a
“system,” involving not only an offender but also a target or victim, as well as a time/place context that
supports or facilitates the victimization of the target by the offender.
กับกระบวนทัศน์ใหม่นี้ แหล่งใหม่ของข้อมูลเกี่ยวกับอาชญากรรมเกิดขึ้นกับข้อ จำกัด ของข้อมูลที่รวบรวมจากรายงานของตำรวจ
( รายงานต่อปีในรูปแบบของเครื่องแบบรายงานอาชญากรรมโปรแกรม ) .
โดยเฉพาะ ปี 1970 เครื่องหมายวิวัฒนาการของการสำรวจอาชญากรรมแห่งชาติ ( เรียกว่าตอนนี้เหยื่ออาชญากรรมแห่งชาติสำรวจ
) which allows large amounts of information on crime events from the vantage
point of victims to be collected and analyzed annually. This national effort set the stage for many subsequent
victimization surveys in local communities and/or on special samples (i.e., high school students, college
students, women, etc.). These various victimization surveys, i n comparison with official police data,รับอนุญาต
นักวิจัยประมาณการถูกต้องมากขึ้นอุบัติการณ์และความชุกของอาชญากรรมในสังคมเพราะพวกเขา
วัดเหตุการณ์อาชญากรรม หรือไม่พวกเขาถูกรายงานไปยังตำรวจ
ในที่สุดเริ่มต้นในทศวรรษที่ 1960 , เคลื่อนไหว sociopolitical ตั้งใจจะให้ความสำคัญกับผู้ที่ตกเป็นเหยื่อและ
สิทธิในกระบวนการยุติธรรมทางอาญา ในการตอบสนองต่อการเคลื่อนไหวนี้ในการให้บริการสนับสนุนมากขึ้นเริ่ม
ให้แก่ผู้ประสบภัย และลู่ทางได้มาให้เพิ่มการมีส่วนร่วมในส่วนของเหยื่อใน
กระบวนการยุติธรรม ( เช่นผ่านเหยื่อผลกระทบงบ ) .
จุดบรรจบของต่าง ๆ เหล่านี้ sociopolitical ทางวิทยาศาสตร์และเหมาะสำหรับการเกิดขึ้นของต่างๆ
มุมมองเชิงทฤษฎีเกี่ยวกับเหยื่อ . ทราบมุมมองเหล่านี้มุ่งเน้นไปที่ความหลากหลายของสาเหตุ
อิทธิพล ซึ่งอยู่ระหว่างกิจกรรมประจำวันตามปกติและวิถีชีวิต การปฏิสัมพันธ์ระหว่างบุคคลทั้งสอง
สังคมในอนาคต . หลักทฤษฎีที่เน้นอิทธิพลต่าง ๆ เหล่านี้จะอธิบายในรายละเอียดมากขึ้น
ตลอดส่วนที่เหลือของรายการนี้ สัมผัสวิถีชีวิตทฤษฎี
ในปี 1978 , ไมเคิล เจ. hindelang ไมเคิล อาร์ gottfredson และเจมส์ garofalo เผยแพร่หนังสือของพวกเขา Victims of
Personal Crime: An Empirical Foundation for a Theory of Personal Victimization. This work delineated the
sociodemographic correlates of victimization based on an analysis of victimization survey data. They noted
that particular subgroups of the U.S. population experienced greater risk of victimization relative to other
groups. Specifically, men, younger adults, and African Americans were at an increased risk in comparison with
women, older Americans, and Whites, for instance. To account for such trends in victimization risk, Hindelang,
Gottfredson, and Garofalo suggested that victimization risk was a function of lifestyle. In particular, men,
younger adults, and African Americans tended to have lifestyles—including patterns associated with work,
1school, chores, leisure, etc.—that exposed them to victimization opportunities. The specific features of
lifestyles presumed to create more exposure to crime were said to include time in public (especially at night),
time away from family or household members, and proximity to and/or association with high-offending groups.
In short,คุณสมบัติเหล่านี้ของวิถีชีวิตที่มีรูปร่างโอกาสสำหรับบุคคลที่จะกลายเป็นเหยื่ออาชญากรรม
กิจกรรมตามปกติในขณะที่ hindelang gottfredson ทฤษฎี , และ garofalo มีการเผยแพร่ของเหยื่ออาชญากรรมส่วนบุคคล , Lawrence E . Cohen และ
มาคัส เฟลสันกำลังทำงานวิจัยที่คล้ายกันที่เกิดขึ้นใน 2522 ตีพิมพ์ในการทบทวนบทความสังคมวิทยา
ชาวอเมริกันของอสุจิของพวกเขา" การเปลี่ยนแปลงทางสังคมและแนวโน้มอัตราอาชญากรรม : แนวทางกิจกรรมที่เป็นกิจวัตร และ " โคเฮน
เฟลสันตรวจสอบการเปลี่ยนแปลงชั่วคราวในอัตราอาชญากรรมสหรัฐอเมริกาจาก 1947 1974 พวกเขามุ่งเน้นเฉพาะใน
อาชญากรรมนักล่า ซึ่งหมายถึงการกระทำที่ผิดกฎหมายที่เกี่ยวข้องโดยตรง หรือการเสียหายของบุคคลหรือทรัพย์สินของผู้อื่น ( P
589 )พวกเขาเน้นการเพิ่มขึ้นอย่างมากในอาชญากรรมที่กินสัตว์อื่นเป็นอาหารในระหว่างรอบระยะเวลา กับส่วนที่เห็นได้ชัดที่สุดของ
เพิ่มขึ้นโดยรวมที่เกิดขึ้นในช่วงทศวรรษที่ 1960 . Cohen และ
เฟลสันแล้วเสนอกิจกรรมตามปกติ คำอธิบายสำหรับการเพิ่มขึ้นนี้ .
เป็นจุดเริ่มต้นสำหรับทฤษฎีของ Cohen และเฟลสันกำหนดสามส่วนผสมที่จำเป็นสำหรับ
อาชญากรรมดังต่อไปนี้( 1 ) แรงกระทำ ( 2 ) เป็นเป้าหมายที่เหมาะสม และ ( 3 ) การขาดผู้ปกครองสามารถ สำหรับอาชญากรรมที่ predatory
เกิดขึ้นตามโคเฮนและ เฟลสัน , เต็มใจ , กระตือรือร้นผู้กระทำความผิดจะต้องเข้ามาติดต่อกับ
เหยื่อหรือเป้าหมายที่สามารถยึดครองในเวลา / พื้นที่บริบท ( เช่น เวลา และสถานที่ที่ไม่ได้ให้
an adequate level of protection in the form of persons or things that could intervene between offender and
victim. The convergence in time and space of a motivated offender, a suitable target, and absence of capable
guardianship was said to present an opportunity for crime.
Cohen and Felson suggested that the first ingredient for crime—a motivated offender—was a “given.” Rather
than understanding crime as a function of variation in offender motivation, Cohen and Felson indicated that we
could better understand crime in terms of variation in the other two ingredients for crime. In particular, they
suggested that crime had increased so sharply between 1960 and 1970 because of the corresponding, profound
changes in societal levels of suitable targets and capable guardianship. In short, Cohen and Felson posited that,
between 1960 and 1970, Americans and their households became more suitable and less capably guarded
targets. They also suggested that it was the changing routine, daily activities of U.S. residents that created
เพิ่มโอกาสในรูปแบบของการเพิ่มขึ้นและลดลง เป้าหมาย ความคุ้มครอง โดย
กิจกรรมฉวยโอกาสตาม Cohen และเฟลสัน เป็นกิจกรรม nonhousehold .
กะหลักในการเข้าสู่แรงงานของผู้หญิงที่เกิดขึ้นระหว่าง 1960 และ 1970 ถูกคิด
ต่างๆมากขึ้นในระดับของกิจกรรม nonhousehold .ผู้หญิงอย่างเด่นชัด เพิ่มการมีส่วนร่วมในแรงงานได้รับผลกระทบอย่างมาก
เพื่อการสาธารณะของผู้หญิง และขาดการปกครอง
ให้ครัวเรือนอเมริกันในช่วงกลางวัน ตัวอย่างเช่น Cohen และเฟลสันแสดงข้อมูลแสดง
, 1960 , เกี่ยวกับ 30 เปอร์เซ็นต์ของครัวเรือนโดยใครว่าง 14 ปีเก่าหรือระหว่างเวลา 8
น. 3 น. 1971รูปที่เกิน 40 % เป็นผลให้มากขึ้นและครอบครัวขาดผู้ปกครองมีความสามารถ
จึงให้โอกาสที่เพิ่มขึ้นสำหรับอาชญากรรม เช่น ขโมยของ ในเวลาเดียวกัน , ผู้หญิง
การใช้จ่ายมากขึ้นเวลาอยู่นอกบ้าน , การเดินทางไปและกลับจากที่ทำงานมากขึ้น ส่งผลให้ การ " ถนน "
predatory อาชญากรรม รวมทั้งการปล้น นอกเหนือจากกิจกรรมเกี่ยวกับงาน
,โคเฮนและ เฟลสัน theorized ที่กิจกรรมสันทนาการประจำยังเปลี่ยนแปลง
สหรัฐอเมริการะหว่าง 1960 และ 1970 ในหมู่ทั้งชายและหญิง ด้วยการเพิ่มค่าร้อยละของครัวเรือนสหรัฐ
ประกอบด้วยสองทำงานผู้ใหญ่ รายได้เพิ่มเติมสามารถที่จะใช้เวลาในยามว่าง pursuits
ภายนอกบ้าน เช่น การเข้าร่วมกิจกรรมกีฬา , ภาพยนตร์ , ร้านอาหาร or vacation destinations) and on the
purchase of household durable goods (i.e., televisions, stereos, cars, bicycles). This proliferation of public
leisure activities and household items (especially valuable but lightweight items) also increased opportunities for
crime. From the routine activities theoretical perspective provided by Cohen and Felson, these leisure and
2consumption patterns simply made it more likely that motivated offenders would encounter suitable targets in
time/place contexts that lacked adequate guardianship.
Cohen and Felson tested their theory by examining whether a “household activity ratio” was related to the
changing rates of predatory crime in the United States. They measured the household activity ratio as the
proportion of U.S.ครัวเรือน ที่เป็น " ไม่ใช่สามี ภรรยา และครอบครัว หรือครอบครัวที่สามารถ "
จัดเป็น " สามีแต่งงาน ในปัจจุบันมีผู้เข้าร่วมแรงงานหญิง " ( 2522 , หน้า 600 ) พวกเขา
สมมติฐานที่เพิ่มขึ้นในครัวเรือนดังกล่าวจะเกี่ยวข้องกับการเพิ่มในสหรัฐอเมริกา predatory อาชญากรรม
rates under the assumption that such household structures served to approximate routine activities that would
increase exposure to motivated offenders, increase target suitability, and decrease guardianship. They found
impressive support for this hypothesis across five different predatory crimes.
Routine Activities and Individual Victimization
Following Cohen and Felson's landmark study,ภายหลังงานประยุกต์กิจวัตรกิจกรรมทฤษฎีมันขยายเกิน
เปลี่ยนชาติอัตราของอาชญากรรม ต่อมางานมักใช้ทฤษฎีเพื่อการเปลี่ยนแปลงในความเสี่ยงของแต่ละ
เหยื่อแทน นำทฤษฎี ( เช่น โคเฮน kluegel และที่ดิน ) แนะนำ โดยเฉพาะว่า
โอกาสของบุคคลที่จะพบเหยื่อเป็นฟังก์ชันของการ
ของคนคนนั้นแรงบันดาลใจ ผู้กระทำความผิด เช่น พื้นที่อาชญากรรมสูง ความสนใจ เป้าหมาย และการขาดของผู้ปกครองมีความสามารถ
จากมุมมองนี้ , กิจกรรมที่มีวิถีชีวิตและรูทีนบุคคลให้สามารถมองเห็นได้มากขึ้นและสามารถเข้าถึงได้ให้กับผู้อื่น ( เป็นไปได้
กระตุ้นผู้กระทำผิด ) มีความเสี่ยงเพิ่มขึ้นสำหรับเหยื่อ . โดย
individuals whose lifestyle and activities put them in close physical distance to “risky” areas (i.e.,
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