There are 15 broad categories of vectors that
transport marine organisms from shallow coastal waters
to similar habitats outside the species’ home range
(Table 1,adapted from [16]). Historically vectors have
included hull fouling (and boring),dry and semi-dry
ballast,ballast water,unintentional introductions associated
with the importation of mariculture species,and
deliberate introductions of exotic species for mariculture
[20]. More recent vectors include those associated with
the aquarium trade,recreational water users,and the oil,
gas and construction industries. The changing nature of
domestic and international shipping is altering the
diversity and speed of potential vectors. This both
increases the probability that a known invasive species
will be transported and increases the probability that
previously untransported species will find suitable
vectors