• SELECT
– lists the attributes or functions to be retrieved.
• FROM
– specifies all relations needed in the query, including joined relations, but not
those in nested queries.
• WHERE
– specifies the conditions for selecting the tuples from these relations, including
join conditions if needed.
• GROUP BY
– specifies grouping attributes
• HAVING
– specifies a condition on the groups being selected rather than on the individual
tuples.
– The built-in aggregate functions COUNT, SUM, MIN, MAX, and AVG are used in
conjunction with grouping, but they can also be applied to all the selected tuples
in a query without a GROUP BY clause.
• ORDER BY
– specifies an order for displaying the result of a query.
• SELECT– lists the attributes or functions to be retrieved.• FROM– specifies all relations needed in the query, including joined relations, but notthose in nested queries.• WHERE– specifies the conditions for selecting the tuples from these relations, includingjoin conditions if needed.• GROUP BY– specifies grouping attributes• HAVING– specifies a condition on the groups being selected rather than on the individualtuples.– The built-in aggregate functions COUNT, SUM, MIN, MAX, and AVG are used inconjunction with grouping, but they can also be applied to all the selected tuplesin a query without a GROUP BY clause.• ORDER BY– specifies an order for displaying the result of a query.
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