Fig. 1.
Patterns and significance of orchid disappearance (A, SESdisp) and appearance (B, SESapp) trends across administrative units in France, Belgium and Luxembourg, based on null model 1. A positive value of SES indicates that there were more changes than expected by chance while a negative value of SES indicates that there were fewer changes than expected by chance. ∗ indicates administrative units of significant disappearances or appearances fixed at P < 0.05 and adjusted by multiple comparisons. The gradual color variation represents intervals delimited by the minimum, first quartile (25%), median (50%), third quartile (75%) and maximum of the distribution. Permutations of stable/disappeared/appeared labels were constrained across administrative units to be more likely between neighboring units than between distant units in order to avoid artifacts caused by spatial autocorrelation.