alkali Treatment
Caustic washing is the treatment of materials, usually products from petroleum refining, with solutions of caustic soda. The process consists of mixing a water solution of lye (sodium hydroxide or caustic soda) with a petroleum fraction. The treatment id carried out as soon as possible after the petroleum fraction is distilled, since contact with air forms free sulfur, which is corrosive and difficult to remove. The lye reacts either with any hydrogen sulfide present to form sodium sulfide, which is soluble in water, or with mercaptans, followed by oxidation, to form the less nocuous disulfides.
Nonregenerative caustic treatment is generally economically applied when the contaminating materials are low in concentration and waste disposal is not a problem. However, the use of nonregenerative systems is on the decline because of the frequently occurring waste disposal problem that arise from environmental considerations and because of the availability of numerous other processes that can effect more complete removal of contaminating materials.
Steam-regenerative caustic treatment is directed toward the removal of mercaptans from such products as gasoline and low boiling solvents (naphtha)
Acid Treatment
The treatment of petroleum products with acids has been in use for a considerable time in the petroleum industry. Various acids, such as hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid, have been used in addition to the most commonly used sulfuric acid, but in most instances there is little advantage in using any acid other than sulfuric.
Sulfuric acid also has been employed for refining kerosene distillates and lubricating oil stocks. It is used for desulfurizing high boiling fractions of cracked gasoline distillates, for refining paraffinic kerosene, for manufacturing low cost lubricating oil, and for making specialty products such as insecticides, pharmaceutical oil, and insulating oils.
Clay treatment
The original method of clay treating was to percolate a petroleum fraction through a tower containing coarse clay pellets. The use of clay treating has been superseded by other processes; in particular, by the use of inhibitors. Nevertheless, clay treating is still used as a finishing step in the manufacture of lubrication oils and waxes. The clay removes traces of asphaltic materials and other compounds that give oils and waxes unwanted odors and colors.
Solvent Treatment
Composition of sludge
alkali Treatment
Caustic washing is the treatment of materials, usually products from petroleum refining, with solutions of caustic soda. The process consists of mixing a water solution of lye (sodium hydroxide or caustic soda) with a petroleum fraction. The treatment id carried out as soon as possible after the petroleum fraction is distilled, since contact with air forms free sulfur, which is corrosive and difficult to remove. The lye reacts either with any hydrogen sulfide present to form sodium sulfide, which is soluble in water, or with mercaptans, followed by oxidation, to form the less nocuous disulfides.
Nonregenerative caustic treatment is generally economically applied when the contaminating materials are low in concentration and waste disposal is not a problem. However, the use of nonregenerative systems is on the decline because of the frequently occurring waste disposal problem that arise from environmental considerations and because of the availability of numerous other processes that can effect more complete removal of contaminating materials.
Steam-regenerative caustic treatment is directed toward the removal of mercaptans from such products as gasoline and low boiling solvents (naphtha)
Acid Treatment
The treatment of petroleum products with acids has been in use for a considerable time in the petroleum industry. Various acids, such as hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid, have been used in addition to the most commonly used sulfuric acid, but in most instances there is little advantage in using any acid other than sulfuric.
Sulfuric acid also has been employed for refining kerosene distillates and lubricating oil stocks. It is used for desulfurizing high boiling fractions of cracked gasoline distillates, for refining paraffinic kerosene, for manufacturing low cost lubricating oil, and for making specialty products such as insecticides, pharmaceutical oil, and insulating oils.
Clay treatment
The original method of clay treating was to percolate a petroleum fraction through a tower containing coarse clay pellets. The use of clay treating has been superseded by other processes; in particular, by the use of inhibitors. Nevertheless, clay treating is still used as a finishing step in the manufacture of lubrication oils and waxes. The clay removes traces of asphaltic materials and other compounds that give oils and waxes unwanted odors and colors.
Solvent Treatment
Composition of sludge
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