All this happens in a way that North (2005) calls non-ergodic type of continuous change, in that the future is strikingly different than its past.
Owing to a rise in global diffusion of connections—hence cascading risks and op-portunities—MNEs evolve in uncharted ways.
Such devel-opment is further complicated because human actors exercise choice and judgment when developing new spheres of value creation. Firms collectively initiate disruptions in which they are a part; in reaction, they self-transform.
As a result of this evolutionary development, the MNE runs through an open and irreversible process that advances through real historical time, rather than a closed and purely deterministic process of transition from one received state of the world to another (Cantwell et al. 2010).