Fortunately, tracheal pressure can be modified with ventilator
adjustments to improve speech. Perhaps the most
simple and successful set of ventilator adjustments is the
combination of prolonged inspiratory time and positive
end-expiratory pressure (PEEP).80,84 Prolonged inspiratory
time (or decreased inspiratory flow) increases the time that
speech can be produced during inspiration, and PEEP increases
the time that speech can be produced during expiration. Thus, as shown in Figure 3, more speech can be
produced per breath with each of these adjustments individually,
and their effects are additive when they are combined.
Although other ventilator adjustments can also improve
speech,81,85 the effectiveness of prolonged inspiratory
time and PEEP has the most empirical support. Whatever
ventilator adjustments are implemented, speech may be
further improved with behavioral therapy provided by a
speech-language pathologist.
A common clinical approach to improving tracheostomy-
ventilation speech following cuff deflation is the insertion
of a one-way inspiratory valve (ie, a “speaking
valve”) between the tracheostomy tube and the ventilator
line. This approach carries high risks (including death) if
the valve is inserted without the cuff being deflated. Ventilator
adjustments such as those just described (prolonged
inspiratory time and PEEP) are much safer than a one-way
valve, and the speech can be just as good. For example, a
comparison of tracheostomy ventilation with a one-way
valve and with 15 cm H2O PEEP was found to generate
nearly identical tracheal-pressure waveforms (Fig. 4) and
equally high-quality speech.
Fortunately, tracheal pressure can be modified with ventilator
adjustments to improve speech. Perhaps the most
simple and successful set of ventilator adjustments is the
combination of prolonged inspiratory time and positive
end-expiratory pressure (PEEP).80,84 Prolonged inspiratory
time (or decreased inspiratory flow) increases the time that
speech can be produced during inspiration, and PEEP increases
the time that speech can be produced during expiration. Thus, as shown in Figure 3, more speech can be
produced per breath with each of these adjustments individually,
and their effects are additive when they are combined.
Although other ventilator adjustments can also improve
speech,81,85 the effectiveness of prolonged inspiratory
time and PEEP has the most empirical support. Whatever
ventilator adjustments are implemented, speech may be
further improved with behavioral therapy provided by a
speech-language pathologist.
A common clinical approach to improving tracheostomy-
ventilation speech following cuff deflation is the insertion
of a one-way inspiratory valve (ie, a “speaking
valve”) between the tracheostomy tube and the ventilator
line. This approach carries high risks (including death) if
the valve is inserted without the cuff being deflated. Ventilator
adjustments such as those just described (prolonged
inspiratory time and PEEP) are much safer than a one-way
valve, and the speech can be just as good. For example, a
comparison of tracheostomy ventilation with a one-way
valve and with 15 cm H2O PEEP was found to generate
nearly identical tracheal-pressure waveforms (Fig. 4) and
equally high-quality speech.
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