and orders of magnitude improvements have been obtained in the last few years. Even so, the inefficiencies of fully homomorphic encryption will severely limit its applications. Another, related, concern is that one is always dealing in encryptions of large quantities of data under a public key, something that is impractical even with non-homomorphic schemes. Researchers have shown that symmetric key AES decryption may itself be done as a data operation under a fully homomorphic public key scheme, but the result of such an AES decryption is still an encryption of data under a public key.