reported that a single-chain insulin analog (SIA) produced from the gene construct recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV)-L-type pyruvate kinase (LPK)-SIA caused remission of diabetes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and autoimmune diabetic mice for up to 8 months without any apparent side effects. Three of the authors retracted the paper in 2009 on the grounds that they had not been able to reproduce the results.