A series of HTC experiments were carried out to determine the
effects of reaction time and reaction temperature on the yield and
characteristics of biochars derived from poultry litter. In the first
set of experiments, the reaction temperature was held at 225 C,
while the reaction time was varied from 0 to 60 min. In the second
set of experiments, the reaction temperature was varied between
175 and 250 C, while the reaction time was kept constant. On
the other hand, in the pyrolysis experiments, the effect of reaction
temperature on the yield and characteristics of biochars derived
from poultry litter was investigated. The biochar yields for both
HTC and pyrolysis are shown in Fig. 1. Biochar samples, given in
Table 1, were defined as following the ‘‘Process–Temperature–Ti
me” sequence (e.g. HTC-225-0 stands for hydrothermal carbonization
conducted at 225 C for 0 min, whereas T-300-60 stands for
pyrolysis conducted at 300 C for 60 min).