More specifically, the extent to which respondents experienced one or more of the six primary emotions was investigated in the following way. Respondents were asked to evaluate the level to which each of the six emotions was experienced (1 = no such feeling; 5 = very much this feeling). Surprise would be determined through three items that related to the experience of surprise, amazement, and astonishment. The higher respondents evaluated their experiences of these three items, the more the respondents had felt the emotion of surprise. In a similar fashion, each of the other five primary emotions would be determined using respondents' felt experiences of three different items (see Izard, 1977). These items included feeling:
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joyful, delighted, and happy (emotion of joy);
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distressed, sad, and downhearted (emotion of sadness);
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discouraged, mad, and enraged (emotion of anger);
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afraid, scared, and fearful (emotion of fear); and
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disgusted, distaste, and revolted (emotion of disgust).
To decrease the likelihood of bias, the 18 items appeared in a randomized sequence in the survey. In all, 180 evaluations were generated from surveying 20 consumers (nine campaigns evaluated by 20 consumers, indicating the extent to which they felt six emotions that were determined by using three different items). To illustrate, a summary of consumers' felt emotions for the Weapons of Mass Destruction campaign is listed in