Defense/Denigration: The existing cultural worldview is protected by negatively evaluating persons with different cultural behaviors or values.
Defense/Superiority:
The existing cultural worldview is protected by exaggerating its positive aspects compared to all other cultures. Any neutral or positive statement about another culture may be interpreted as an attack.
Defense/Reversal: Tendency to see another culture as superior while maligning one’s own, exemplified by “going native” among long-term sojourners or the “false ally” among some dominant-culture seekers of minority approval.