Keller (1993) suggested two stages of brand equity-development, labeled "awareness level" and "image level," that stem from consumers' needs and wants and lead to a brand evaluation within a product/service category; when coupled with purchase this becomes the manifestation of brand equity.
As Na et al. (1999a) explain, awareness is fairly simply described and measured by recognition and recall, but image is a far more complex construct with which to deal. What has been clear in recent work on the topic is that image cannot be assessed by attribute measurement alone, but must include measurements of consumers' perceptions of the value and benefits attainable by using the product or service (Aaker, 1991; Arnold, 1992; Keller, 1993; Kirmani and Zeithaml, 1993; Park and Srinivasan, 1994; Na et al, 1999a). So, for cyber brand equity, a similar effort is needed to find out the determinant variables - which will include the attribute, benefit and value dimensions of the brand construct.