Introduction
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a global phenomenon
(Ikeda & Kamibeppu 2013). Of the most sensitive periods
in women’s lives are pregnancy and postpartum periods. As
much as the physical aspects, this period is also important
in social and psychological terms (Tabrizi & Lorestani
2011). Because of fatigue and loss of energy, medication
effects, duration of labour, complications in the process of
delivery and suchlike in the postpartum period, more than
any other time, the mother is prone to emotional and mood
crisis including depression (Wang et al. 2003).
Approximately 85–11% of women experience either
minor or major depression during pregnancy (Ikeda &
Kamibeppu 2013). In developed countries, the prevalence
of PPD has been reported 10–15% (Tomlinson et al. 2006)
and in Iran 17–237% (Narimani et al. 2005).
The American Psychiatric Association describes PPD as
an episode of depression that begins at least four weeks
after giving birth (Abraham 2008). However, some experts
consider occurrence of any depression episode up to
18 months after delivery, postpartum, and some studies
have shown that women are still prone to PPD even two
years after delivery (Goodman 2004).
This condition occurs with symptoms such as lack of
attention to appearance, lower emotional responses and
communication with relatives, anorexia, lower libido, irritability,
negative thoughts, suicide attempts and also problems
with child care. Meanwhile, due to lack of
understanding PPD and grief, women become involved in
disorders in social activities, personal functions and household
duties (Halbreich & Karkun 2006).
Among all types of depression, PPD is mostly important
as, in addition to the mother’s health, it has negative and
undesirable effects on the development and growth of the
child (Bloch et al. 2006). As every birth is a primer of
upbringing of a person and the first foundations of this
upbringing are laid by mothers, those mothers who are
mentally and physically healthy themselves can more effectively
raise a healthy child (Khodadadi et al. 2009).
An important problem in people with depression is low
rate of diagnosis and treatment of these patients. Only less
than half of the women suffering from major depression disorder
are identified and treated, making diagnosis of depression
a major clinical and health issue (Chen et al. 2006).
Psychological interventions for primary prevention are
programmes that can have a great impact on reducing
incidence of depression. Also, there is a need to conduct
theory-based studies to identify the important variables
predicting PPD among women.
IntroductionPostpartum depression (PPD) is a global phenomenon(Ikeda & Kamibeppu 2013). Of the most sensitive periodsin women’s lives are pregnancy and postpartum periods. Asmuch as the physical aspects, this period is also importantin social and psychological terms (Tabrizi & Lorestani2011). Because of fatigue and loss of energy, medicationeffects, duration of labour, complications in the process ofdelivery and suchlike in the postpartum period, more thanany other time, the mother is prone to emotional and moodcrisis including depression (Wang et al. 2003).Approximately 85–11% of women experience eitherminor or major depression during pregnancy (Ikeda &Kamibeppu 2013). In developed countries, the prevalenceof PPD has been reported 10–15% (Tomlinson et al. 2006)and in Iran 17–237% (Narimani et al. 2005).The American Psychiatric Association describes PPD asan episode of depression that begins at least four weeksafter giving birth (Abraham 2008). However, some expertsconsider occurrence of any depression episode up to18 months after delivery, postpartum, and some studieshave shown that women are still prone to PPD even twoyears after delivery (Goodman 2004).This condition occurs with symptoms such as lack ofattention to appearance, lower emotional responses andcommunication with relatives, anorexia, lower libido, irritability,negative thoughts, suicide attempts and also problemswith child care. Meanwhile, due to lack ofunderstanding PPD and grief, women become involved indisorders in social activities, personal functions and householdduties (Halbreich & Karkun 2006).Among all types of depression, PPD is mostly importantas, in addition to the mother’s health, it has negative andundesirable effects on the development and growth of thechild (Bloch et al. 2006). As every birth is a primer ofupbringing of a person and the first foundations of thisupbringing are laid by mothers, those mothers who arementally and physically healthy themselves can more effectivelyraise a healthy child (Khodadadi et al. 2009).An important problem in people with depression is lowrate of diagnosis and treatment of these patients. Only lessthan half of the women suffering from major depression disorderare identified and treated, making diagnosis of depressiona major clinical and health issue (Chen et al. 2006).Psychological interventions for primary prevention areprogrammes that can have a great impact on reducingincidence of depression. Also, there is a need to conducttheory-based studies to identify the important variablespredicting PPD among women.
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