Data were analyzed using a mixed linear model with repeated
measures (SAS 9.1, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). In order to
investigate the effects of the experimental factors, the four salad
conditions were compared; the fixed factors in this model were timing
of serving the salad (before or with the main course), method of
consuming the salad (fixed or ad libitum), and study week. The factors
from the discharge questionnaire of participant food preference,
timing preference, and knowledge of the study purpose
were also tested in the model. The interaction of factors was investigated
before examining their main effects, and a Tukey–Kramer
adjustment was used for multiple comparisons where an interaction
existed. To investigate the influence of serving salad at the meal
compared to serving no salad, the four salad conditions were compared
to the control condition. The fixed factors in this model were
condition and study week; adjustments for multiple comparisons
with the control condition were made using the Dunnett–Hsu
method. The main outcomes analyzed for both models were energy
intake for salad, for pasta, and for the entire meal, as well as overall
energy density of the meal. Meal energy density was calculated on
the basis of food intake only, excluding beverage intake (Ledikwe
et al., 2005). The secondary outcomes analyzed were ratings of hunger
and satiety and ratings of food characteristics; the ratings of
hunger and satiety measured after the meal were adjusted by
including the before-meal rating as a covariate in the model.
Data were analyzed using a mixed linear model with repeated
measures (SAS 9.1, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). In order to
investigate the effects of the experimental factors, the four salad
conditions were compared; the fixed factors in this model were timing
of serving the salad (before or with the main course), method of
consuming the salad (fixed or ad libitum), and study week. The factors
from the discharge questionnaire of participant food preference,
timing preference, and knowledge of the study purpose
were also tested in the model. The interaction of factors was investigated
before examining their main effects, and a Tukey–Kramer
adjustment was used for multiple comparisons where an interaction
existed. To investigate the influence of serving salad at the meal
compared to serving no salad, the four salad conditions were compared
to the control condition. The fixed factors in this model were
condition and study week; adjustments for multiple comparisons
with the control condition were made using the Dunnett–Hsu
method. The main outcomes analyzed for both models were energy
intake for salad, for pasta, and for the entire meal, as well as overall
energy density of the meal. Meal energy density was calculated on
the basis of food intake only, excluding beverage intake (Ledikwe
et al., 2005). The secondary outcomes analyzed were ratings of hunger
and satiety and ratings of food characteristics; the ratings of
hunger and satiety measured after the meal were adjusted by
including the before-meal rating as a covariate in the model.
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