The deliberate application of activities and processes, whether or not completed, to existing software that modify either the way the software directs hardware of the system, or the way the system (of which the software is a part) contributes to the business of the systemís stakeholders, together with the associated quality assurance activities and processes, and with the management of the activities and processes, and often done in the context of software evolution [Chapin et al. 2001] See also: software evolution