3.4. Spatial adjustments
It was noticed, after edge matching, that there is a kind of deviation (constant in many places in its
direction and magnitude) between the produced maps and the well registered topographic ones as well as the
satellite images of the study area. It was possible to attribute the deviation to two reasons; lack of coordinate
system in some original map sheets and the rubber-sheeting accompanied the edge-matching task [8]. In
order to overcome this problem another spatial adjustment (transformation) has been performed. Well
registered topographic maps and accurately georeferenced satellite images have been used to perform the
transformation process. The transformation tools of ArcGIS systems were found to be very effective in
performing the spatial adjustment of the soil maps [9] and [10].