Hopkins's statement reminds us how important philosophy is to all aspects of curriculum decisions, whether it operates overtly or covertly, whether we know that it is operating or not. Indeed, almost all elements of curriculum are based on philosophy. As Jam Goodlad points out, philosophy is the beginning point in curriculum decision making and is the basis for all subsequent decisions regarding curriculum. Philosophy becomes the criterion for determining the aims, means, and ends of curriculum. The aims are statements of value, based on philosophical beliefs; the means represent processes and methods, which reflect philosophical choices; and the ends connote the facts, concepts, and principles of the knowledge or behavior learned, or what we feel is important to learning, which is also philosophical in nature.