Measures
Anthropometric, metabolic, dietary, and physical activity measures were obtained at each assessment. Height was measured using a wall-mounted stadiometer (Seca, Hanover, Maryland). Weight was determined using an electronic scale (Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) with participants wearing light clothing and no shoes. BMI, which measures weight adjusted for height, was calculated. Waist circumference measurements were obtained following standardized procedures in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.21