From this behavioral perspective, the many forms of proactive behavior that have been investigated in distinct domains (e.g., careers, socialization, work performance) should be positively inter-related, even though they have often been studied in distinct literatures. Supporting this reasoning, Parker and Collins (2010) identified three higher-order categories of proactive behavior that all involve self-initiated, future-oriented, and change-oriented behaviors, but vary in the goals that are being pursued.