EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS IN THE THIRD WORLD URBAN ECONOMY
Recognising the links between the two sectors of the Third World urban economy, and the fact that 'informal' forms of employment practice (e.g part-time, contractual and low-paid work) may occur in the capitalist upper circuit, has meant that recent analyses have shifted attention from the organisational structure of the two sectors to the different forms of employment relationships within the economy as a whole. Bromley (1988) has suggested a continuum of employment relationships (Figure 24.2). The two extremes, described as career wage-work and career self-employment', have relatively high levels of stability and security. The intermediate relationships have relatively low levels of stability and security and are referred to collectively as casual work. Thus short-term wage-work covers those paid for a specific period of time, disguised wage-work includes out-workers paid for piecework, and dependent work refers to those ostensibly self-employed but who must pay a supplier in order to remain in business (e.g. a street hawker or taxi driver). This formulation does not invalidate the concept of a bipolar urban economic structure but rather provides a richer basis for analysis of urban labour markets.