1. Marshall’s essay was the subject of an American Political Science Association annual meeting panel, dated 31 August, 2000, on ‘The 50th Anniversary of T.H. Marshall’s “Citizenship and Social Class’”, in which several commentators spoke. My remarks focused on Marshall’s failure to anticipate three developments significantly affecting the concept of citizenship: (1) the challenge to the modern social welfare state, (2) the rise of multi-ethnic societies in postwar Europe, and (3) the changing understanding of the public and private realms and of the boundaries and relationships between them.
2. The significance of Madison’s analysis is discussed in Schuck, 2000a: Ch. 7. Kramer (1999) demonstrates that the celebration of Federalist #10 is a relatively recent phenomenon.
3. The leading analyses by the pluralists and their critics are summarized and cited in Schuck, 2000a: 210–15.
4. For present purposes, we can assume that the state is a unitary nation-state in which the citizen belongs neither to a substate polity, as in a federal system, nor to an ethnic nation within the state, as with Indian tribes in the United States. See generally Schuck (2000b).
5. Most economists accept this account, not merely ‘supply-siders’; the real difference among economists – and it is a crucial difference – concerns the magnitudes (or elasticities) of the economic effects and the way one should evaluate those effects.
6. Whether jus soli citizenship is liberal or not is an interesting and controverted question. For opposing views, see Schuck and Smith (1985), Neuman (1994: 248–9), Schuck (1994: 324–5).
7. In the German case, much political opposition to the new law persists among the conservative parties. See Cohen (2000).