distance calculated from the analytical model – the distance
generated from simulation l)/the distance calculated from the
analytical model 100%. Table 2 indicates that the proposed
analytical model provides a relatively good approximation of the
travel distance for the pick-and-pass system under study since the
differences in general are less than 2%. Despite the large number of
simulation runs, the width of the confidence interval stays within
0.26–0.46 of the mean travel distance at a significance of 1%.