The analysis of the cases shows that in practice all allowed a
number of actors from both domains (science and policy) to
participate in indicator development. However, science and policies
processes had a different bias: in science-led processes there
was, by design, a bias towards the knowledge production
dimension, and less explicit recognition and inclusion of the
normative political dimension in the indicator development
process, particularly also with regard to participation. This is partly due to the research project
character of these processes.