Abstract
Job satisfaction can be conceptualized in a variety of ways, including extrinsic, intrinsic, and general satisfaction.
Such job satisfaction is generally attributed to various intrinsic and extrinsic factors that are motivators of
employee behaviors. How an employee perceives and feels about these various factors and how they affect their
job is the basis for assessing job satisfaction. This study explores the extent of the relationship among various
extrinsic, intrinsic, and general motivational factors and overall job satisfaction of hotel front office managers
with a leading international hotel company. Corporate culture and self actualization issues had the greatest
impact on the job satisfaction of the front office managers. The majority of these extrinsic factors was related to
matters that were often outside of the control of the respondents. Hotels that can permit high levels of creativity,
empowerment, and ability utilization while removing or overcoming inflexible barriers that tend to hinder such
achievements will achieve higher levels of satisfaction from its front office managers.
Key Words: job satisfaction; front office manager; extrinsic; intrinsic; motivational factors
1. Introduction
The measurement of a manager’s job satisfaction has often been considered an important dimension of workplace
productivity (Hosie et al., 2012; Iaffaldano & Muchinsky, 1985; Okpara, 2007; Patterson et al., 2004; Petty,
Mcgee, & Cavender, 1984; Sheridan & Slocum Jr., 1975). As an independent variable, job satisfaction is
generally used to predict worker behaviors such as turnover, morale, and commitment to the organization (Anton,
2009; DeMoura et al., 2009; Mathieu & Zajac, 1990). As a dependent variable, satisfaction is frequently used to
assess the relationship of employee characteristics on staff satisfaction. Job satisfaction is generally attributed to
various intrinsic and extrinsic factors that are motivators of employee behaviors. How an employee perceives and
feels about these various factors and how they affect their job is the basis for assessing job satisfaction.
Since a single traditional approach to ensuring job satisfaction may not be adequate, alternative and innovative
approaches may have to be considered. Therefore, it is appropriate that hospitality management companies should
be concerned about their investments in “human capital.” Researchers and practitioners alike agree that the cost
to retain existing personnel is considerably less than the expenses that must be incurred to advertise for a vacant
position, filter through and interview the various applicants, select the right person for the job, and to train the
successful candidate to corporate standards.
Generally, the time and expense of this recruitment, selection, and training process is significantly greater for
vacant management positions than for line level positions. Therefore, the need exists for lodging management
companies to be able to ascertain the job satisfaction of their key managers, determine what intrinsic and extrinsic
factors serve as the motivating drivers for hotel front office managers, and understand the extent of the influence
that such drivers have on the organization’s ability to retain their key managers.
The purpose of the study was to explore the extent of the relationship among various intrinsic, extrinsic, and
general motivational factors and overall job satisfaction of hotel front office managers. To that end, the following
research question served as the basis for the exploratory inquiry:
R1: What is the extent of the relationship between various intrinsic, extrinsic, and general motivational factors
and overall job satisfaction of hotel front office managers?
2. Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and General Motivational Factors
Job satisfaction can be conceptualized in a variety of ways, including extrinsic, intrinsic, and general satisfaction.
Job Satisfaction may be characterized as an emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job
experiences and developed by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Segmenting satisfaction with the job into
components relating to the employee, relating to the nature of the job itself, and those relating to the job, but
external to it, is an approach incorporated into some of the most widely studied models of satisfaction (Bagozzi,
1980; Pepe, 2010; Porter & Lawler, 1968; Walker, Churchill, & Ford, 1977).
Extrinsic job satisfaction is the emotional state that one derives from the rewards associated with one’s job that
are controlled by the organization, his peers, or superiors (Bhuian & Islam, 1996; Pepe, 2010; Pritchard & Peters,
1974). Sometimes referred to as hygiene factors, these facets are external to the job itself and often affect the level
of dissatisfaction experienced by an employee more than determining his satisfaction (Lucas, 1985). While certain
levels of extrinsic rewards and comforts are necessary for a job to achieve its motivating potential, in and of
themselves extrinsic job characteristics are not sufficient to determine intrinsic motivation (Lambert, 1991). Such
extrinsic characteristics usually include compensation, job security, tenure, seniority, opportunity for promotion,
quality of coworker relationships, and job safety.
Intrinsic motivation is an emotional state that one derives from the job duties engaged in and reflecting the
employee’s attitude towards tasks of the job. More specifically is it the defined as the extent to which workers are
motivated for reasons other than financial reward, such as feelings of heightened self-esteem, personal growth,
and worthwhile accomplishment (Pritchard & Peter, 1974). The level of intrinsic motivation experienced by a
particular worker and the extent of intrinsic job satisfaction depends to a great extent on the fit between the
employee and the job (Chuang et al., 2009; Lawler, Hackman, & Kaufman, 1973). Intrinsic satisfaction refers to
the inherent fulfillment that a worker obtains in the course of performing the work and experiencing the feelings
of accomplishment and self-actualization (Cherniss & Kane, 1987). These fulfillments usually represent all five
levels in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (1954) and may be characterized by career opportunity, job autonomy,
skill variety, task identity, skill utilization, task significance, feedback, and perceived power.
General satisfaction, or overall job satisfaction, refers to an aggregation of satisfaction with various job facets or
an aggregation of a few measures of general satisfaction (Bhuian & Islam, 1996; Hackman & Oldham, 1980;
Levin & Stokes, 1989). Weiss, Dawis, England, and Lofquist (1967) measure general satisfaction as the aggregate
of an employee’s perception of twelve intrinsic facets and six extrinsic rewards derived from their job plus the
technical abilities of the employee’s supervisor and the humanistic relationship between the employee and the
supervisor. Building on previous studies conducted by Mount (2006) and Frye (2007), this research employed a
modified version of Weiss, Dawis, England, and Lofquist’s (1967) Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire to
calculate the overall job satisfaction of hotel front office managers and to explore the extent of the relationship
between its intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
2.1 Measuring Job Satisfaction
While a considerable number of conceptual models of job satisfaction have been developed that lead to a variety
of methods of measuring job satisfaction (Wanous, 1973), some researchers originally advocated that there was
no best way to measure job satisfaction (Bergmann, Grahn, & Wyatt, 1986; Herzberg, et al., 1957). Essentially,
the best way depends on the specific variables being measured and the situation under which they are being
measured (Bergmann et al., 1986). Scarpello and Campbell (1983) concluded that a single-item measure of
overall job satisfaction was preferable to a scale that is based on a sum of specific job item satisfactions.
However, there are major drawbacks to this technique, the primary being that one cannot conclusively estimate
the internal consistency reliability of single-item measures for psychological constructs.
Many early attempts to investigate job characteristic-job satisfaction relationships typically employed univariate
rather than multivariate techniques of data analysis (Lee, McCabe, & Graham, 1983). However, instruments used
to measure job characteristics or job satisfaction generally contain factors that are highly correlated within the
instrument. Also, it seems reasonable to assume that job characteristics and job satisfaction share a common
domain of psychometric behavior. Finally, a distorted picture of between group differences is possible when
successive t tests or F tests are performed on correlated measures (Tatsuoka, 1970). For these reasons, and
because most recent researchers concur that satisfaction is not a unidimensional variable, this study has
incorporated an investigation of the underlying components of job satisfaction for hotel front office managers
through the adaptation and administration of an established multi-scale survey instrument.
2.2 Theory of Work Adjustment
There has been a prevalence of speculation that the extent of employee job satisfaction is a direct function of the
perceived discrepancy between what an employee desires from the job and what he actually receives from it
(Scarpello & Vandenberg, 1992). According to Dawis (1980), at the heart of the Theory of Work Adjustment is the
concept of interaction between individual and work environment. The theory uses the correspondence (or lack of
it) between the work personality and the work environment as the principal explanation for observed work
adjustment outcomes, such as job satisfaction and tenure (Weiss, Dawis, England, & Lofquist, 1967). While the
work environment serves various organizational needs, the individual employee also has various needs s
AbstractJob satisfaction can be conceptualized in a variety of ways, including extrinsic, intrinsic, and general satisfaction.Such job satisfaction is generally attributed to various intrinsic and extrinsic factors that are motivators ofemployee behaviors. How an employee perceives and feels about these various factors and how they affect theirjob is the basis for assessing job satisfaction. This study explores the extent of the relationship among variousextrinsic, intrinsic, and general motivational factors and overall job satisfaction of hotel front office managerswith a leading international hotel company. Corporate culture and self actualization issues had the greatestimpact on the job satisfaction of the front office managers. The majority of these extrinsic factors was related tomatters that were often outside of the control of the respondents. Hotels that can permit high levels of creativity,empowerment, and ability utilization while removing or overcoming inflexible barriers that tend to hinder suchachievements will achieve higher levels of satisfaction from its front office managers.Key Words: job satisfaction; front office manager; extrinsic; intrinsic; motivational factors1. IntroductionThe measurement of a manager’s job satisfaction has often been considered an important dimension of workplaceproductivity (Hosie et al., 2012; Iaffaldano & Muchinsky, 1985; Okpara, 2007; Patterson et al., 2004; Petty,Mcgee, & Cavender, 1984; Sheridan & Slocum Jr., 1975). As an independent variable, job satisfaction isgenerally used to predict worker behaviors such as turnover, morale, and commitment to the organization (Anton,2009; DeMoura et al., 2009; Mathieu & Zajac, 1990). As a dependent variable, satisfaction is frequently used toassess the relationship of employee characteristics on staff satisfaction. Job satisfaction is generally attributed tovarious intrinsic and extrinsic factors that are motivators of employee behaviors. How an employee perceives andfeels about these various factors and how they affect their job is the basis for assessing job satisfaction.Since a single traditional approach to ensuring job satisfaction may not be adequate, alternative and innovativeapproaches may have to be considered. Therefore, it is appropriate that hospitality management companies shouldbe concerned about their investments in “human capital.” Researchers and practitioners alike agree that the costto retain existing personnel is considerably less than the expenses that must be incurred to advertise for a vacantposition, filter through and interview the various applicants, select the right person for the job, and to train thesuccessful candidate to corporate standards.Generally, the time and expense of this recruitment, selection, and training process is significantly greater forvacant management positions than for line level positions. Therefore, the need exists for lodging managementcompanies to be able to ascertain the job satisfaction of their key managers, determine what intrinsic and extrinsicfactors serve as the motivating drivers for hotel front office managers, and understand the extent of the influencethat such drivers have on the organization’s ability to retain their key managers.The purpose of the study was to explore the extent of the relationship among various intrinsic, extrinsic, andgeneral motivational factors and overall job satisfaction of hotel front office managers. To that end, the followingresearch question served as the basis for the exploratory inquiry:R1: What is the extent of the relationship between various intrinsic, extrinsic, and general motivational factorsand overall job satisfaction of hotel front office managers?2. Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and General Motivational FactorsJob satisfaction can be conceptualized in a variety of ways, including extrinsic, intrinsic, and general satisfaction.Job Satisfaction may be characterized as an emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or jobexperiences and developed by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Segmenting satisfaction with the job intocomponents relating to the employee, relating to the nature of the job itself, and those relating to the job, butexternal to it, is an approach incorporated into some of the most widely studied models of satisfaction (Bagozzi,1980; Pepe, 2010; Porter & Lawler, 1968; Walker, Churchill, & Ford, 1977).Extrinsic job satisfaction is the emotional state that one derives from the rewards associated with one’s job thatare controlled by the organization, his peers, or superiors (Bhuian & Islam, 1996; Pepe, 2010; Pritchard & Peters,1974). Sometimes referred to as hygiene factors, these facets are external to the job itself and often affect the levelof dissatisfaction experienced by an employee more than determining his satisfaction (Lucas, 1985). While certainlevels of extrinsic rewards and comforts are necessary for a job to achieve its motivating potential, in and ofthemselves extrinsic job characteristics are not sufficient to determine intrinsic motivation (Lambert, 1991). Suchextrinsic characteristics usually include compensation, job security, tenure, seniority, opportunity for promotion,quality of coworker relationships, and job safety.Intrinsic motivation is an emotional state that one derives from the job duties engaged in and reflecting theemployee’s attitude towards tasks of the job. More specifically is it the defined as the extent to which workers aremotivated for reasons other than financial reward, such as feelings of heightened self-esteem, personal growth,and worthwhile accomplishment (Pritchard & Peter, 1974). The level of intrinsic motivation experienced by aparticular worker and the extent of intrinsic job satisfaction depends to a great extent on the fit between theemployee and the job (Chuang et al., 2009; Lawler, Hackman, & Kaufman, 1973). Intrinsic satisfaction refers tothe inherent fulfillment that a worker obtains in the course of performing the work and experiencing the feelingsof accomplishment and self-actualization (Cherniss & Kane, 1987). These fulfillments usually represent all fivelevels in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (1954) and may be characterized by career opportunity, job autonomy,skill variety, task identity, skill utilization, task significance, feedback, and perceived power.General satisfaction, or overall job satisfaction, refers to an aggregation of satisfaction with various job facets oran aggregation of a few measures of general satisfaction (Bhuian & Islam, 1996; Hackman & Oldham, 1980;Levin & Stokes, 1989). Weiss, Dawis, England, and Lofquist (1967) measure general satisfaction as the aggregateof an employee’s perception of twelve intrinsic facets and six extrinsic rewards derived from their job plus thetechnical abilities of the employee’s supervisor and the humanistic relationship between the employee and thesupervisor. Building on previous studies conducted by Mount (2006) and Frye (2007), this research employed amodified version of Weiss, Dawis, England, and Lofquist’s (1967) Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire tocalculate the overall job satisfaction of hotel front office managers and to explore the extent of the relationshipbetween its intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
2.1 Measuring Job Satisfaction
While a considerable number of conceptual models of job satisfaction have been developed that lead to a variety
of methods of measuring job satisfaction (Wanous, 1973), some researchers originally advocated that there was
no best way to measure job satisfaction (Bergmann, Grahn, & Wyatt, 1986; Herzberg, et al., 1957). Essentially,
the best way depends on the specific variables being measured and the situation under which they are being
measured (Bergmann et al., 1986). Scarpello and Campbell (1983) concluded that a single-item measure of
overall job satisfaction was preferable to a scale that is based on a sum of specific job item satisfactions.
However, there are major drawbacks to this technique, the primary being that one cannot conclusively estimate
the internal consistency reliability of single-item measures for psychological constructs.
Many early attempts to investigate job characteristic-job satisfaction relationships typically employed univariate
rather than multivariate techniques of data analysis (Lee, McCabe, & Graham, 1983). However, instruments used
to measure job characteristics or job satisfaction generally contain factors that are highly correlated within the
instrument. Also, it seems reasonable to assume that job characteristics and job satisfaction share a common
domain of psychometric behavior. Finally, a distorted picture of between group differences is possible when
successive t tests or F tests are performed on correlated measures (Tatsuoka, 1970). For these reasons, and
because most recent researchers concur that satisfaction is not a unidimensional variable, this study has
incorporated an investigation of the underlying components of job satisfaction for hotel front office managers
through the adaptation and administration of an established multi-scale survey instrument.
2.2 Theory of Work Adjustment
There has been a prevalence of speculation that the extent of employee job satisfaction is a direct function of the
perceived discrepancy between what an employee desires from the job and what he actually receives from it
(Scarpello & Vandenberg, 1992). According to Dawis (1980), at the heart of the Theory of Work Adjustment is the
concept of interaction between individual and work environment. The theory uses the correspondence (or lack of
it) between the work personality and the work environment as the principal explanation for observed work
adjustment outcomes, such as job satisfaction and tenure (Weiss, Dawis, England, & Lofquist, 1967). While the
work environment serves various organizational needs, the individual employee also has various needs s
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