Two different types of substrates were used in this study. The first type is agricultural residues including rice straw, rice bran, corn cob and sugarcane bagasse, which are rich in carbohydrates. The second type is oil cakes including castor oil cake, groundnut oil cake and sesame oil cake, which are rich in proteins. All substrates were dried at 60 C until their weights became constant. For sugarcane bagasse, corn cob and rice straw, they were chopped into fine powder by using a mixer grinder (Braun, India). Other residues including rice bran and oil cakes were received as coarse powder with a particle size less than 3 mm. After mechanical sieving, particles smaller than 1 mm were screened out and utilized for fermentation.