Part of what empowerment means as it was discussed in chapter 1 is an enhanced sense of efficacy. efficacy is especially important for peoples who have been colonized- it is the antidote for the psychological pain of colonization. as Goulet writes, i include optimum participation among development's strategic principles because unless efforts are made to widen participation, development will interfere with men'quest for esteem and freedom from manipulation. this emphasis is in some contrast to most of the other perspective that emphasize the instrumental nature of participation and its contributions to projects.