Increased pleural fluid formation
-Increased interstitial fluid in the lung
-left ventricular failure, pneumonia, pulmonary emboli
-Increased permeability of the capillaries in the pleura
-pleural inflammation
-increased level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGE)
-Increased pleural fluid protein level
-Decreased pleural pressure
-lung atelectasis
-Increased fluid in peritoneal cavity
-hepatic hydrothorax, peritoneal dialysis
-Disruption of thoracic duct
-Disruption of blood vessels in the tharax