the investigator conducted a chart review and interviewed the participant and his or her nurse to determine if the following inclusion criteria were met:
1) a diagnosis of advanced, potentially lifelimiting illness, 2) 18 years or older, 3) pain of three or greater as measured on a zero to 10 numeric rating scale (NRS), 4) able to understand English, and 5) alert and oriented to person and place and able to rate pain on the numeric scale.