Lower Levels of Industrialization and Manufactured Exports
One of the most widely used terminologies for the original Group of Seven (G7) countries 28 and other advanced economies such as smaller European countries and Australia is the industrial countries." Industrialization is associated with high productivity and incomes and has been a hallmark of modernization and national economic power. It is no accident that most devel- oping-country governments have made industrialization a high national pri ority, with a number of prominent success stories in Asia. Table 2.9 shows the relationship between employment and share of GDP in agriculture, industry, and services in selected developing and developed coun tries, in the 2004 to 2008 period. Generally, developing countries have a far higher share of employment in agriculture than developed countries. More- over in developed countries, agriculture represents a very small share of both employment and output about 1% to 2% in Canada, the United States and United Kingdom although productivity is not below the average for these economies as a whole. This is in sharp contrast to a majority of developing nations, which have relatively low productivity in agriculture in comparison to other sectors of their own economies particularly industry. Madagascar is dramatic example: while about 82% of both men and women worked in culture, it represented only a quarter of total output. In Indonesia, 41% of both men and women worked in agriculture, but it represented just output. The proportion of women who work in the sector varies greatly agricultural across the developing world. Generally, in Latin America a significantly higher proportion of men work in agriculture than women; but in numerous countries in Africa and Asia, a larger proportion of women work in agriculture.