poorly designed, unsupportive healthcare environments that, for example, are noisy, deny visual privacy, force bedridden patients to stare at glaring ceiling lights, and present way-finding difficulties (Ulrich, 1991, 1999). Importantly, provision of actual or perceived control over stressors or unpleasant situations usually alleviates stress (Evans and Cohen, 1987). Healthcare design characteristics that enhance feelings of control, therefore, should tend to mitigate stress and improve other outcomes.