7. Test of the judgmental classification in Fig. 2
Nobes (2003, 2004, 2011) contends that those who dispute the two-group classification fail to find it because they concentrate on the regulatory system rather than on accounting practices (e.g.,Alexander & Archer, 2000); or they concentrate on non-representative accounting (i.e., theconsolidated statements of a few large companies in continental Europe, e.g., Cairns, 1997);or they use erroneous data (e.g., d'Arcy, 2001).