These hires delegated decision making powers managers who would focus upon controlling costs and improving operational efficiency. As described in the book by Spector, “real fiscal and operational discipline began with the hiring of Joe Galli as chief operations officer, and his assembling of “old economy” veterans from the likes of Delta Airlines, NBC, AlliedSignal, and MCI. Budgets were formalized. Every division became accountable for expenditures. Executives had to write operating plans that outlined specific financial deadlines and had to reach specific sales goals and margins. Amazon employees were taught about profit-and-loss statements, balance sheets, and cash-flow analysis.”