Conventional approaches to protecting users' privacy have been based on guidelines such as UK Information
Commissioner's Fair Information Principles or the OECD guidelines on cross border information flows, both of which
contain the notion of informed consent. This requires that any collection of personal data is preceded by users giving
their explicit consent for the data to be collected. This is also the approach adopted by the way Android mobile
applications are installed: a user is first presented with a list of required resources (i.e. data sources); then the
user gives permissions for the resources to be accessed by choosing to proceed explicitly. External privacy manage-
ment tools such as Apex