The original "bible' of Filipino HR managers, Personnel Management by Perfecto Sison, was first published in 1965 as a handbook for the PMAP (its seventh edition was published in 2003). Most of the training materials used by the PMAP, as well as the topics covered by the earlier editions of Personnel Management, were inspired by those produced by the PMAP's counterpart in the US. This was due not only to the strong American influence on education and culture in the Philippines but also to the fact that Americans were among the leading corporate employers in the 1950s-60s; they were the only foreigners allowed to invest in manufacturing, mining and land development under the special parity rights' agreement of 1946 (ofreneo, 1993). Gradually, PM became accepted as a discipline under the broader concept of general management, focused