Dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates are primarily singlecelled organisms that possess, firstly, a nucleus lacking histones and having chromosomes that remain condensed throughout
the cell division cycle and, secondly, at least one life-cycle stage involving cells with two
characteristic flagella (Fig. 1). As in related protists, such as ciliates,
dinoflagellates possess a layer of vesicles
towards the periphery of the cell