There are few studies that capture the full benefits
from sanitation and good wastewater management,
as studies need to include the benefits of toilets and
other domestic systems as well as those due to the
safe containment, collection and treatment of the
wastewater and related sludge (UN-Water, 2014) and
also positive externalities in terms of health, school
attendance, employment opportunities and econom-
ic growth (including tourism and agriculture). Hutton
and Haller (2004) estimated the costs and benefits of ex-
panding the coverage of drinking-water and sanitation ser-
vices and suggested that, in the Latin America and Carib-
bean region, universal access to drinking water supply with
a household connection and sewerage with a household
connection would cost US$ 14.1 billion a year, while de-
livering benefits of US$ 69.2 billion a year. A Water and
Sanitation Program study for India suggests that the bene-
fits in 2006 from avoiding the costs of inadequate sanita-
tion could amount to approximately USD 33 billion, around
3.9% of GDP (WSP, 2010).