Nanotechnology platforms present promising strategies for improving the immunogenicity of a vaccine antigen. Nanocarriers that are useful for the formulation and delivery of antigens and adjuvants offer many advantages over alternative adjuvant approaches, including improved stability, sustained release kinetics, lower immunotoxicity, and targeting to specific and selective immune cells. In addition, nanoparticles efficiently deliver antigens due to their nanoscale size, solid form, ease of surface modification, and ability to co-deliver antigens along with adjuvants. Although the applications of nanotechnologies for nanocarrier-based vaccine delivery are currently in a nascent investigational stage, and only a few products are being tested in clinical trials, these vaccine delivery systems may potentially be used more broadly for the prevention and treatment of infectious disease.