Five successional stages were selected to construct a ~150-yr series of secondary vegetation succession, including pioneer weeds (S1), herbage (S2), shrub (S3), early forest (S4), and climax forest (S5) stages
Five successional stages were selected to constructa ~150-yr series of secondary vegetation succession, including pioneerweeds (S1), herbage (S2), shrub (S3), early forest (S4), andclimax forest (S5) stages