THE SURVEY DESCRIBED IN THE PREVIOUS SECTION was administered to a group of
150 midlevel managers enrolled in the executive MBA and part-time professional
MBA programs at one of the largest urban universities in the United States. The participants
had an average of over six years of managerial experience distributed across
various functional areas. Job positions of the respondents included engineers (e.g.,
software systems, electrical, and project), managers (e.g., project, marketing, process,
and manufacturing),