An important parameter for assessing the effectiveness of metal stabilization processes is the reduction in metal phytoavailability. Shoot metal concentrations recorded in this study were much higher (up to 50 and 10 times higher for Pb and Zn, respectively) than those reported for grass species growing in non-metal contaminated sites (Kabata-Pendias, 2011). At the experiment end, COW and PAPER treatments significantly reduced shoot metal (Pb and Zn) concentrations of F. rubra grown in site V1, as compared to control plots (Table 4); in turn, POULTRY treatment led to lower shoot Zn concentration in site V1 (p b 0.05). These effects could be a consequence of a reduction in metal CaCl2-extractability (Fig. 4) and/or a shoot-growth dilution effect (Table 3). The lower shoot metal concentration observed in amended soils will lead to a lower incorporation of metals into the trophic chain through herbivory. On the other hand, the higher shoot biomass present in amended soils resulted in an increase in the total amount of shoot metal removal. Indeed, POULTRY treatment increased shoot Pb and Zn removals by F. rubra from the V1 soil; PAPER treatment increased shoot Zn removals from the V1 and V2 soils, while COW treatment resulted in higher shoot Zn removals for only the V1 soil (Table 4).