The research [11] of NREL showed that the viscosity increased only from 20 to 22 cP over a 4 month period when stored at 20 C with 10% methanol addition to the bio-oil. This would extrapolate to a viscosity of 30 cP after storage for 12 months. Ethanol at 20% had a similar stabilizing effect. With 10viscosity at 40 C rose from about 13 cP to an interpolated 15 cP after preheating for 12 h at 90 C, e.g. to reduce the viscosity for ease of atomization.
Boucher et al. [12] tested bio-oil performance with the